Informatic Practile Grade 11 Cbse .

A text Book on information science PRACTICES CLASS XI Shiksha Kendra, 2, conjunction Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India A text book on In actatics Practices, Class XI. PRICE Rs. graduation EDITION 2010 CBSE, India COPIES This book or part in that respectof whitethorn non be reproduced by each person or agency in every manner. PUBLISHED BY The Secretary, Central Board of Secondary Education, Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110092 DESIGN, LAYOUT Multi Graphics, 5745/81, Reghar Pura, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-110005, Ph unity 25783846 PRINTED BY ii ForewordInformation and conversation Technology has permeated in every walk of life affecting the technology fields such as launching satellites, managing businesses across the globe and in some(prenominal) case enabling social ne cardinalrking. The convergence of computer, communication and content technologies, being k without delay as ICT, have attracted attention of academia, business, government and communities to engagement it for innovative useable propositions. Year by year it is becoming transparentr to use devices such as desktop, palm top, iPod, etc. 21st century is characterized with the emergence of knowledge ground society wherein ICT plays a pivotal role.In its vision, the National Policy on ICT in indoctrinate Education by MHRD, Govt. of India, states The ICT policy in tutor Education aims at preparing y prohibitedh to participate creatively in the establishment, reenforcement and g lineth of a knowledge society leading to every almost socio economic development of the nation and global competitiveness. The policy envisages triplet stages of ICT implementations at school level ICT literacy and Competency Enhancement, ICT en fittingd t each(prenominal)inglearning, and introduction of ICT related elective course subjects at Senior Secondary level.With this light uponst wizdrop a major ikon shift is imperative in imparting ICT-enabled instructions, collaborative learning, multidisciplinary problem-solving and promoting critical thinking skills as envisaged in the National curriculum framework 2005. Foundation of these skills is invest at school level. Armed with such skills it is expected that a schoolchild entirelyow for transform knowledge into easy to use systems to the ultimate put on of the society at large.Syllabus of Informatics Practices has been revisited accordingly with a instruction on generic concepts with domain specific practical experiments and projects to ensure abstract knowledge with practical skills. The societal impact of ICT have been discussed. A freshly Unit on IT Applications has been added to enhance extrapolateing of the above tools and techniques to solve documentary life problems by designing twain front end and back end with proper mete outive information connectivity. Introduction of Open streamers and Open semen to promote Vendor Neutrality of tools.Creativity and Collaborative Learning/ computer programing is in any case an added feature. Specific on the wholey, a Unit on Ne bothrking and Open Standards is introduced in locate of Business Computing. For IDE ground programming, Java is introduced in place of VB. relative Database counselling System is dealt with utilize My SQL in place of SQL & PL/SQL development Oracle. The CBSE had been recomm death different books in the past. With a total overhauling of the course on Informatics Practices it has ventured to bring unwrap a comprehensive text book for tout ensemble(prenominal) units for the first beat.I am happy to discontinue Part-1 of Informatics Practices for Class XI. I would c atomic telephone number 18 to express my deep appreciation to the text book development police squad for their contri thoion and to the convener of the team, Prof. Om Vikas who aptly steered this activity. Appreciation is alike due to Mrs. C Gurumurthy, managing director (Academic) and Dr. (Smt) Srijata Da s, Education Officer, for planning, coordinating and executing this initiative and bringing out this publication. It is hoped that all savants and instructors give benefit by making best use of this publication.Their feedback will be highly appreciated for further improvement. VINEET JOSHI CHAIRMAN H l d d H d d x , H d H l lt l h d T d x l x d d l L d l td d d t p D l H l d h L l d h l d , d, l D d d h x d h , d l p d h 100 ASkills100 GK100) JOptionPane. showMessageDialog(this,Re- encrypt label (Out of 100)) v if the attach input by the user for any of the subjects argon greater than 100 Check or non an if they ar hence vaunt the message Re-Enter attach (Out of 100). Since we have to presentment the hallucination message if the attach of even unmatchable subject be out of limit so we have apply the street girl which means OR.So in simple english it means if tag of English are 100 or marks of ASkills 100 or marks of GK 100, therefore boast the flaw message. So the message will be discloseed even if entirely atomic number 53 break quantifys to true. if (ASkills=90 && GK=90 ) JOptionPane. showMessageDialog(this,** Selected for Achievers divide **) jtext guinea pig6. practiceText(*) 158 informatics PRACTICES Chapter-6 keep back Structures v if the marks of ASkills and GK are both = 90 or non. If they are therefore Check pomposity the message ** Selected for Achievers Award ** and similarly display a * in the text field.Since we have to check that both the marks should be greater than 90 so we have use the && operator which in simple English means AND. So the condition will evaluate to true only if both the conditions are satisfied. Let us now make unnecessary the code for the Grade calculator lotion as shown in Figure 6. 38 private void jButton1ActionPerformed(java. awt. event. ActionEvent evt) // Variable Declaration and appointment trading operations int quantity,English,ASkills,GK English=Integer. parseInt(jText sk etch1. getText()) ASkills=Integer. parseInt(jTextField2. getText()) GK=Integer. arseInt(jTextField3. getText()) //Validation of Entered Marks if (English100 ASkills100 GK100) JOptionPane. showMessageDialog (this,Re-Enter Marks (Out of 100)) else Total=English+ASkills+GK jTextField4. punctuateText(Integer. toString(Total)) jButton2. personateEnabled(true) private void jButton2ActionPerformed(java. awt. event. ActionEvent evt) // Variable Declaration and assignment operations char Grade int ASkills,GK,Total ASkills=Integer. parseInt(jTextField2. getText()) GK=Integer. parseInt(jTextField3. getText()) Total=Integer. arseInt(jTextField1. getText()) information processing PRACTICES 159 Chapter-6 Control Structures //Decision for Achievers Award if (ASkills=90 && GK=90 ) JOptionPane. showMessageDialog (this,** Selected for Achievers Award **) jTextField6. specialiseText(*) //Finding Grade if (Total=80) jTextField5. preparednessText(A) else if (Total=70) jTextField5. watchText (B) else if (Total=60) jTextField5. alignText(C) else if (Total=50) jTextField5. vexText(D) else jTextField5. setText(E) private void jButton3ActionPerformed(java. awt. event.ActionEvent evt) // To Exit from application System. exit(0) Figure 6. 38 Code for the Grade Calculator Application Since in this application we had to test for multiple conditions in a if program line, so we had to matrimony the conditions employ nigh operators. Such conditions that are formed by joining simple conditions are called complex conditions and they are usually joined development the ar leand operators. Logical instrument A logical operator denotes a logical operation. Logical operators and sex actal operators are apply together to form a complex condition. Logical operators are 160information processing PRACTICES Chapter-6 Control Structures Operator && Use a10 && b10 bMySQL Command Line thickening OR Goto the folder CProgram FilesMySQLMySQL horde 5. 1in as the drive having MySQ L And Click on the file MySQL. EXE MySQL will impel a message to provide password (it requires the uniform password which was entered during the readiness) Enter Password**** Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with or g. Your MySQL connection id is 4 Server version (GPL) 5. 0. 51a-community-nt MySQL Community Edition Assuming C drive fictional character booster or h for help.Type c to clear the buffer. Mysql To exit from MySQL, type QUIT or EXIT MysqlQUIT The above steps ensure successful installation and configuration of MySQL selective informationbase server. Next time in the MySQL prompt, one after part take in and use entropybases, derive water dodges and execute SQL queries. Downloading MySQL Linux Environment Installation of the binary version of MySQL, release 4. 0. 20, to run on Linux is as follows Installation file for MySQL may be downloaded from the link information processing PRACTICES 203 Chapter-8 Introduction to MySQL http//dev. mysql. com/download s/mysql/5. 1. tmldownloads (Choose appropriate download link as per the desired operating system) Create MySQL User Account cd /usr/ topical anaesthetic groupadd mysql useradd -c MySQL Software Owner -g mysql mysql passwd mysql changing password for user mysql. password all authentication tokens up exitd successfully. Installing Binary Version Unzip the files and qualifying the directory to mysql cd mysql scripts/mysql_install_db user=mysql Preparing db shelve Preparing host add-in Preparing user plank Preparing func mesa The latest information about(predicate) MySQL is procurable on the net at http//www. ysql. com Support MySQL by buying support/licenses at https// allege. mysql. com 204 information science PRACTICES Chapter-8 Introduction to MySQL Start and Stop The Database Software Starting the MySQL Database su cd /usr/ topical anesthetic/mysql bin/mysqld_safe user=mysql & Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /usr/local/mysql/data fillet the MySQL Da tabase su cd /usr/local/mysql bin/mysqladmin -u root shutdown 040803 233627 mysqld ended 1+ Done Know much Visit the hobby website to find a vast list of free and open acknowledgment software products available http//en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/List_of_free_and_open_source_software_packages bin/mysqld_safe user=mysql Summary A database is an organised accretion of data. v Data vis stored in a relational database in one or more(prenominal)(prenominal) get acrosss. A group v of speechs and editorials forms a parry. The plain subset of a Table is know as a Row/Tuple. v The vertical subset of a Table is known as a tug/Attri bute. v A expectation key is an attribute (or a set of attributes) that uniquely identifies a v language. A patriarchal Key is one of the usher outdidate keys. Only v one of the Candidate keys is selected as the patriarchal key of a dishearten. All other layaboutdidate keys are called tack on keys.INFORMATICS PRACTICES 205 Chapter-8 Introduction to MySQL multiplex Choice Questions 1. A relation bum have only one ________ key and may have more than one _______ keys. a) b) c) d) 2. Primary, Candidate Candidate, Alternate Candidate, Primary Alternate, Candidate The vertical subset of a elude is known as a) b) c) d) Tuple Row Attribute Relation 3. If software is released under open source, it means a) b) c) d) It is expensive. Its source code is available to the user. It belongs to a company. It is a database management system. 4. Which of the future(a) editorials in a savant submit bottom of the inning be utilise as the primary key? ) b) c) d) Class share First ca-ca Admission No 5. A tuple is also known as a ___________________________ . a) b) c) d) table relation row field INFORMATICS PRACTICES 206 Chapter-8 Introduction to MySQL 6. An attribute is also known as a_________________________. a) b) c) d) table relation row mainstay 7. A field or a combination of fields in a table that has a unique mensurate for each row is called a) b) c) d) Candidate key. Foreign key. Main key. Alternate key. Exercises 1. resolution the following questions a) Define the following terms i) ii) Database Table iii) Primary key iv) v) b) c) d) e) f) 2. Candidate key Alternate keyWhat is the relationship betwixt a Database and a Table? What is database management system? Write marks of any two DBMSs. How is data organized in a table? What is a Primary key? What is its purpose in a table? What is MySQL? Distinguish between the following pairs a) b) Row and editorial Primary key and Candidate key. INFORMATICS PRACTICES 207 9 Learning Objectives after(prenominal) studying this lesson the students will be able to State vcategories of SQL averments. Create v a database Create v a table. Add rows to a table. v MySQL Retrieve v data in various ways from table using engage record. screening v data in a sorted way using order BY article.Modify v data stored in a table. aspect v body structure of a table Modify v structure of table Delete v rows from a table In the precedent lesson, you have learnt that Relational Databases use tables to store data. A table just refers to a two dimensional representation of data using pillars and rows. MySQL lets us manipulate and manage these tables in an efficient way. We have learnt that MySQL is a Relational Database Management System. In this lesson we will learn about SQL (Structured Query address). It is a Standard language used for accessing and manipulating relational databases. Ms.Sujata is a Class teacher of Class XI. She wants to store data of her students i. e. fleshs and marks secured, in a database. A database is used to house data in the form of tables. She uses a score DATABASE assertion to create a spick-and-span database maked School. 208 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQL mysql realise DATABASE School one time the above mentioned disputation gets executed, a database with the secernate School is created on her system. No w she has to open the database to work on it. For this USE avowal is required. She opens the School database description entered by user mysql USE School Database ChangedDisplay by system Now, MySQL prompt laughingstock accept any head related to the database School. Semicolon is standard way to end SQL logical argument. Creating a table After creating a database, the next step is creation of tables in the database. For this fix hold over debate is used. Syntax CREATE board ( , , , ) Since Ms. Sujata is just learning, she initially creates a simple table numberd savant with only two tugboats RollNo and recognize in the School database. To do this, she enters the following argumentation mysql CREATE turn off scholarly person ( RollNo integer, fix VARCHAR(25) ) INFORMATICS PRACTICES 209 Chapter-9 MySQL v Give meaningful secernate to a table. If a table will store information about students, name it STUDENTS, not Abc or Person. v label and column name are not case sensitive. For example, Table STUDENTS is treated the same as STuDents or students. We will study about the CREATE carry over statement in spot later in this lesson. What if Ms. Sujata wants to get out the names of all the tables in the database? At any point of time, she can view names of all the tables contained in the current database by using SHOW submitS statement as shown down the stairs mysql SHOW TABLES ++ Tables_in_school ++ scholarly person + 1 row in set (0. 00 sec) Once the table named Learner is created, Ms. Sujata would like to add data of students in the table, which is also known as populating table with rows. To add row(s) in the table she uses the submit INTO statement Syntax participate INTO determine (,, ,) 210 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQL She inserts 4 rows mysql enrol INTO Learner set (14,Aruna Asaf Ali) mysql set up INTO Learner VALUES (12,Tarun Sinha) mysql introduce INTO Learner VALUES (16,John Fedrick) mysql tuck INTO Learner VA LUES (10,Yogi Raj Desai) In acquaint statement Character, date and Time data should be cover in Quotes. numerical set should not be enclosed in quotes. Now that she has added 4 rows in the table, she wants to view the circumscribe of the table. How can she do that? To view the contents of the table, she uses the following recognize statement. In the simplest way, make statement is used like this Syntax demand * FROM So, she types the statement mysql fill * FROM Learner ++ RollNo Name ++ 14 12 16 10 Aruna Asaf Ali Tarun Sinha John Fedrick Yogi Raj Desai + In the above statement, FROM article states which table to look in for data. Any time to know the database presently in use, the get hold of DATABASE() statement can be used. INFORMATICS PRACTICES 211 Chapter-9 MySQL mysql need DATABASE() DATABASE() school 1 row in set (0. 0 sec) Statements in MySQL are not case sensitive. It means select DATABASE() or postulate DATABASE() or apportion database() would all work the same way. Some Terminologies Keyword A keyword refers to a special word that has a special meaning to SQL. For example, give and FROM are keywords.Clause A clause is a portion of an SQL statement. from each one clause is identified by a keyword. For example, consider the statement lead name FROM Learner present pick out name is a clause. hold is a statement as well as a clause. select clause is everything from keyword choose until keyword FROM. study statement is the entire command. FROM Learner is a FROM clause, which specifies the table from which data has to be selected. Statement A statement is a combination of two or more clauses. For example, SELECT name FROM Learner is a statement. 212 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQLMySQL Data Types Well, in the first place we learn more about making a table, there is one thing we need to say first Data Types. They indicate the type of data that you are storing in a prone table column. So, what are the differ ent Data Types available in MySQL? Here is a list of some of the most popular ones and what type of determine they hold Class Text Data Type CHAR(size) Description A fixed-length string from 1 to 255 characters in length remediate-padded with spaces to the undertake length when stored. Values must(prenominal) be enclosed in individual(a)(a) quotes or double quotes. physical exercise Maths TexT VARCHAR(size)A variable-length string from 1 to 255 characters in length for example VARCHAR(25). Values must be enclosed in single quotes or double quotes. Computer Me and u Numeric DECIMAL(size,d) It can represent number with or without the fractional part. The maximum number of digits may be qualify in the size parameter. The maximum number of digits to the obligation of the decimal point is specified in the d parameter INT Or INTEGER It is used for storing integer jimmys. You can specify a comprehensiveness upto 11 digits. 17. 32 345 76 INFORMATICS PRACTICES 213 Chapter-9 MySQL Date DATE It represents the date including day, month and year It represents time.Format HHMMSS Note The supported rate is from -8385959 to 8385959 2009-0702 TIME() TIME Categories of SQL Commands SQL commands can be classified into the following categories 1. Data Definition Language (DDL) Commands The DDL part of SQL permits database tables to be created or canceld. It also defines indices (keys), specifies links between tables, and imposes constraints on tables. Examples of DDL commands in SQL are v CREATE DATABASE creates a current database v CREATE TABLE creates a saucy table v TABLE modifies a table castrate v TABLE strike downs a table empty 2. The Data Manipulation Language (DML) CommandsThe interrogative sentence and modify commands form the DML part of SQL Examples of DDL commands are v SELECT extracts data from a table v update updates data in a table v scratch deletes data from a table v tuck INTO inserts new-sprung(prenominal) data into a table CRE ATE TABLE Ms. Sujata feels good that she has successfully created a table named Learner with 2 columns using CREATE TABLE statement. She now creates a table named bookman with 214 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQL four columns. When tables are created its columns are named, data types and sizes are supplied for each column. While creating a table at least one column must be specified.Syntax CREATE TABLE ( column name , ( column name , ) Example mysql USE school Database spayd mysql CREATE TABLE student( Rollno INTEGER, Name VARCHAR(25), Gender CHAR(1), Marks1 DECIMAL(4,1)) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0. 16 sec) If table scholarly person already exists in database school, then the error message Table bookman already exists is displayed. Each column in the table is precondition a unique name. In the example above the column names are Rollno, Name etc. This doesnt mean each column that is named has to be unique deep down the entire database.It only has to be unique within th e table where it exists. Also notice that the names do not use any spaces. When naming tables and columns be sure to keep it simple with earn and verse. Spaces and symbols are invalid characters except for underscore(_). Column names like first_name,last_name,email are valid column names. Viewing Structure of Table The DESCRIBE statement can be used to see the structure of a table as indicated in the Create Statement. It displays the Column names, their data types, whether Column must contain data ,whether the Column is a Primary key etc.INFORMATICS PRACTICES 215 Chapter-9 MySQL Syntax DESCRIBE OR DESC mysql DESCRIBE savant Statement entered by user ++++++-+ Field Type Null Key evasion Extra ++++++-+ Rollno int(11) Name varchar(25) YES YES YES goose egg cypher deceitful NULL end product shown by system Gender char(1) Marks1 decimal(4,1) YES ++++++-+ 4 rows in set (0. 01 sec) Ms.Sujata adds some rows in the educatee table using the INSERT INTO statement INSERT INTO pupil VALUES (1,Siddharth Sehgal,M,93) INSERT INTO student VALUES (2,Gurpreet Kaur,F,91) INSERT INTO Student VALUES (3,Monica genus genus Rana,F,93) INSERT INTO Student VALUES (4,Jatinder Sen,M,78) INSERT INTO Student VALUES (5,George Jacob,M,76) INSERT INTO Student VALUES (6,Deepa Bhandari,F,77) INSERT INTO Student VALUES (7,Akshay Nath,M,65) Changing Structure of table When we create a table we define its structure. We can also budge its structure i. e. add, remove or change its column(s) using the ALTER TABLE statement.Syntax ALTER TABLE ADD/DROP datatype ALTER TABLE MODIFY 216 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQL Example Ms. Sujata adds a column named Games. mysql ALTER TABLE Student ADD Games VARCHAR(20) Now she wants to check the structure of the table to see that the new column Games is added. mysql DESCRIBE Student ++++++-+ Field Type Null Key Default Extra ++++++-+ Rollno int(11) Name varchar(25) YES YES YES NULL NULL N ULL NULL NULL Gender char(1) Marks1 decimal(4,1) YES Games varchar(20) YES ++++++-+ 5 rows in set (0. 00 sec) After execution of the above ALTER TABLE statement, the Games column is added and a NULL appreciate is assigned to all the rows in this column. mysql SELECT * FROM Student +++++-+ Rollno Name 1 Siddharth Sehgal 2 Gurpreet Kaur 3 Monica Rana 4 Jatinder Sen 5 George Jacob 6 Deepa Bhandari 7 Akshay Nath Gender Marks1 M F F M M F M 93. 91. 0 93. 0 78. 0 76. 0 77. 0 65. 0 Games NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL +++++-+ +++++-+ INFORMATICS PRACTICES 217 Chapter-9 MySQL Now, suppose we want to change the newly added Games column to hold integers(in place of character data) using ALTER TABLE statement mysql ALTER TABLE Student MODIFY games INTEGER To delete a column of a table the ALTER TABLE statement is used with Drop clause. Ms.Sujata deletes the Games column using the ALTER TABLE statement mysql ALTER TABLE Student DR OP Games mysql DESC student ++++++-+ Field Type Null Key Default Extra ++++++-+ Rollno int(11) Name varchar(25) YES YES YES NULL NULL NULL NULL Gender char(1) Marks1 decimal(4,1) YES ++++++-+ 4 rows in set (0. 00 sec) The above display shows that Games column is removed from the table. The word DESC can also be used in place of DESCRIBE Retrieving Information with SELECT Statement The SELECT statement is used to clear data from one or more database tables. Retrieving Single Column Here is the syntax of SELECT statement to retrieve a single column from a table Syntax SELECT FROM 218 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQL Example Ms. Sujata wants to display Roll verse of all her students. She uses the following statement mysql SELECT Rollno FROM Student +- + Rollno +- + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - + 7 rows in set (0. 00 sec) Retrieving Multiple Columns We can display more than one column(s) from a table using SELECT statement Syntax SELECT , FR OM Example Now, Ms. Sujata displays two columns Roll meter and names of all the students. mysql SELECT Rollno, Name FROM Student +- ++ Rollno Name +- ++ 1 2 Siddharth Sehgal Gurpreet Kaur 219 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQL 3 4 5 6 7 Monica Rana Jatinder Sen George Jacob Deepa Bhandari Akshay Nath +- ++ 7 rows in set (0. 00 sec) Changing the order of display of Columns We can display columns in any order by specifying the columns in that order in SELECT statement . The following statement displays Names first and then Roll numbers from the table Student. mysql SELECT Name,Rollno FROM Student +++ Name Rollno +++ Siddharth Sehgal Gurpreet Kaur Monica Rana Jatinder Sen George Jacob Deepa Bhandari Akshay Nath 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ++ 7 rows in set (0. 00 sec) In the Output, notice that the first column displaying names is left(a)-justified and the due south column displaying roll numbers is right justified. The format of rig follows the expression that character data is left justified and numeric data is right justified. 220 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQL Retrieving all Columns To see all the columns of the table, we can write * in place of names of all the columns. The columns are displayed in the order in which they are stored in the table. Ms.Sujata uses the following statement to see all the columns of her table mysql SELECT * FROM Student +++++ Rollno Name Gender Marks1 +++++ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Siddharth Sehgal Gurpreet Kaur Monica Rana Jatinder Sen George Jacob Deepa Bhandari Akshay Nath M F F M M F M 93. 0 91. 0 93. 0 78. 0 76. 0 77. 0 65. 0 +++++ 7 rows in set (0. 00 sec) The asterisk (*) means All.SELECT * means display all columns Eliminating duplicate take accounts By oversight data is displayed from all the rows of the table, even if the data in the result is duplicated. Using the keyword hard-hitting, the duplicate values can be eliminated in the result. When DIS TINCT keyword is specified, only one example of the duplicated data is shown. The following query without the DISTINCT keyword shows 7 rows era the same query with DISTINCT keyword shows 6 rows as duplicate data 93 is displayed only once. INFORMATICS PRACTICES 221 Chapter-9 MySQL mysql SELECT Marks1 FROM Student ++ Marks1 ++ 93. 91. 0 93. 0 78. 0 76. 0 77. 0 65. 0 93 displayed twice ++ 7 rows in set (0. 00 sec) mysql SELECT DISTINCT Marks1 FROM Student ++ Marks1 ++ 93. 0 91. 0 78. 0 76. 0 77. 0 65. 0 ++ 6 rows in set (0. 00 sec) 222 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQL Retrieving Data From All Rows If we write the keyword all(a) in place of DISTINCT, then the result of SELECT query displays all the values including duplicate values. The yield is the same as what we get when we do not write DISTINCT keyword in the SELECT query.Using Arithmetic Operators with SELECT Arithmetic operators put to death mathematical calculations. In SQL the following arit hmetic operators are used Operator + * / % What it does Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Modulus (or remainder) Modulus operator (%) saves the remainder of a division. We can execute simple arithmetic computations on data using SELECT statement. Ms. Sujata thinks what if all my students had secured 5 marks more. She enters the following statement to display marks of all students increase by 5. mysql SELECT Marks1+5 FROM Student +-+ Marks1+5 +-+ 98. 96. 0 98. 0 83. 0 81. 0 82. 0 70. 0 +-+ 7 rows in set (0. 02 sec) INFORMATICS PRACTICES 223 Chapter-9 MySQL Marks1 column is displayed increased by 5. The true values are not increased in the table. Here are some more examples mysql SELECT Name,Marks1+0. 05*Marks1 FROM Student mysql SELECT Name,Marks1-10 FROM Student mysql SELECT Name,Marks1/2 FROM Student Using these operators on tables does not create new columns in the tables or change the actual data values. The results of the calculations issue onl y in the output.In the above examples, arithmetic calculations were based on Student table. Arithmetic calculations may not always be based on tables. For example when we want to compute 7*3+1, there is no table to be referenced. In such queries no FROM clause is used mysql SELECT 7*3+1 +-+ 7*3+1 +-+ 22 +-+ 1 row in set (0. 09 sec) mysql SELECT 71+34 +-+ 71+34 +-+ 105 +-+ 1 row in set (0. 00 sec) 224 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQL Using Column Alias bowl now, we have seen that when the result of an SQL statement is displayed, the heading displayed at the top of column is same s the column name in the table or the arithmetic operation being done on the Column. While displaying marks from the table Student, Ms. Sujata wants the output to display a column heading (for Marks) that is easier to understand and is more meaningful and presentable like Marks Secured instead of Marks1. Column alias lets different name (heading) to appear for a column than the actual one in th e output. She enters the statement like this mysql SELECT Marks1 AS Marks Secured FROM Student ++ Marks Secured ++ 93. 91. 0 93. 0 78. 0 76. 0 77. 0 65. 0 ++ 7 rows in set (0. 00 sec) Notice that the column Marks1 has been given the column heading Marks Secured . If a column alias consists of more than one word ,then it should be enclosed in quotes as in Marks Secured,otherwise error message is displayed. Using Column Alias does not rename a column. It simply displays a different column name in the output. The AS keyword between the column name and alias is optional. We can also write SELECT Marks1 Marks Secured FROM Student INFORMATICS PRACTICES 225Chapter-9 MySQL putt text in Query output Can Ms. Sujata make the query output more presentable by inserting items such as symbols or text in the query output ? Yes. She can. She uses the following statement. mysql SELECT Rollno,Name,has secured marks,marks1 FROM student +++-++ Rollno Name has secured marks marks1 + ++-++ 1 Siddharth Sehgal has secured marks 2 Gurpreet Kaur 3 Monica Rana 4 Jatinder Sen 5 George Jacob 6 Deepa Bhandari 7 Akshay Nath has secured marks has secured marks has secured marks has secured marks has secured marks has secured marks 93. 0 91. 0 93. 0 78. 0 76. 0 77. 0 65. 0 +++-++ 7 rows in set (0. 00 sec) The text has secured marks is displayed with every row of the table. Retrieving specific rows WHERE clause Tables usually contain some rows. Mostly, we do not want to display all the rows of a table. veritable rows can be displayed based on the criteria for selection of rows using the keyword WHERE. The WHERE clause is used to filter records. It is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified criterion. Syntax SELECT , ,. FROM WHERE Ms. Sujata wants to display the names and marks of all those students who have secured marks above 80, she enters 226 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQL mysql SELECT Name,Marks1 FROM Stud ent WHERE Marks1 80 ++-+ Name Marks1 ++-+ Siddharth Sehgal Gurpreet Kaur Monica Rana 93. 91. 0 93. 0 ++-+ 3 rows in set (0. 00 sec) She thinks What would be the marks of my students if they were increased by 5 for all those students who secured marks downstairs 80? She enters the statement mysql SELECT Name,Marks1+5 FROM Student WHERE marks1 = SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Marks1=93 +++++ Rollno Name Gender Marks1 +++++ 1 3 Siddharth Sehgal Monica Rana M F 93. 0 93. 0 +++++ 2 rows in set (0. 6 sec) When we use relational operators with character data type, means rather in the alphabet and means later in the alphabet. Aman Ayan as m comes before y in alphabet. Some more examples of queries involving relational expressions mysql SELECT Name,Marks1 FROM Student WHERE Marks1 SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Name = Gurpreet Kaur mysql SELECT RollNo,Marks1 FROM Student WHERE Rollno SELECT RollNo,Marks1 FROM Student WHERE Rollno 3 mysql SELECT RollNo,Marks1 FROM Student WHERE Name Mani Kumar 228 INFORMATICS PRACTICESChapter-9 MySQL Logical Operators OR, AND, not logical operators are used in SQL. Logical operators OR and AND are used to connect relational expressions in the WHERE clause. If any of the comparisons are true, OR returns TRUE. AND requires both conditions to be true in order to return TRUE. not negates a condition. If a condition returns a True value, adding not causes the condition to return a False value and vice versa. The symbol can be used in place of OR, && can be used in place of AND, can be used in place of NOT operator. Ms.Sujata uses the following statement (with Logical operator AND) to display Roll numbers and names of students who have secured marks above 70 but below 80. mysql SELECT Rollno, Name,Marks1 FROM Student WHERE Marks1 70 AND Marks1 80 ++-++ Rollno Name Marks1 ++-++ 4 5 6 Jatinder Sen George Jacob Deepa Bhandari 78. 0 76. 0 77. 0 ++-++ 3 rows in set (0. 01 sec) Some example of SQL sta tements with Logical operators are shown below. ysql SELECT Empnumber, EmpName FROM Employee WHERE Department = Accoumts OR Department = Personnel mysql SELECT Empnumber, EmpName FROM Employee WHERE Department = Accoumts AND Designation = Manager mysql SELECT Empnumber, EmpName FROM Employee WHERE NOT(Designation = Manager) mysql SELECT Name,TotalMarks FROM Candidate WHERE writtenmarks80 Interviewmarks10 SELECT Name,TotalMarks FROM Candidate WHERE writtenmarks80 && Interviewmarks10 INFORMATICS PRACTICES 229 Chapter-9 MySQL Using Parenthesis in WHERE clause Sometimes we have to write a criterion using a combination of AND and OR.The parentheses not only help us visually see how things are grouped together but they also let the DBMS know exactly what to do. SELECT * FROM Emp WHERE first_name=Amit AND (last_name=Sharma OR last_name=Verma) So, how does that work? It simply states that we are looking for anyone with the first name as Amit and the last name as Sharma or Verma. They must have the first name as Amit but can have the last name as either Sharma or Verma. Condition based on Range The among operator defines the regularise of values within which the column values must fall into to make the condition true. The range includes both the upper and lower values.Ms. Sujata uses the following statement to display roll numbers and marks of students who have secured marks in the range 70 to 80 (including 70 and 80). mysql SELECT Rollno,Name,Marks1 FROM Student WHERE Marks1 BETWEEN 70 AND 80 ++-++ Rollno Name Marks1 ++-++ 4 5 6 Jatinder Sen George Jacob Deepa Bhandari 78. 0 76. 0 77. 0 ++-++ 3 rows in set (0. 06 sec) The following statement displays roll numbers and marks of students who have secured marks other than the ones in the range 70 to 80(including 70 and 80). 30 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQL mysql SELECT Rollno,Name,Marks1 FROM Student WHERE Marks1 NOT BETWEEN 70 AND 80 BETWEEN displays all values between the lower and the upper values including the lower and the upper values. To display marks in the range 70 to 80, Ms. Sujata could have used the following statement to give the same output as the one using BETWEEN operator. mysql SELECT Rollno,Name,Marks1 FROM Student WHERE Marks1=70 AND Marks1 SELECT Rollno, Name, Marks1 FROM Student WHERE Marks1 IN (68,76,78) +-+++ Rollno Name Marks1 -+++ 4 5 Jatinder Sen 78. 0 76. 0 George Jacob +-+++ 2 rows in set (0. 00 sec) In an Employee table, to display rows where State is DELHI or MUMBAI or UP, we write the query like this SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE State IN (DELHI,MUMBAI,UP) In an Employee table, to display all rows except those that have State as DELHI or MUMBAI or UP, we write the query like this INFORMATICS PRACTICES 231 Chapter-9 MySQL SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE State NOT IN (DELHI,MUMBAI,UP) Till now Ms.Sujatas table Student has 7 rows. She wants to lie in it with some more rows. She uses the following INSERT INTO statement. INSERT INTO Stud ent VALUES (8,Samdisha Sen,F,76) INSERT INTO Student VALUES (9,Geeta Sen Sharma,F,91) INSERT INTO Student VALUES (10,Geet Kadamb,M,66) INSERT INTO Student VALUES (11,Aman Ali,M,92) INSERT INTO Student VALUES (12,Ayan Ali,M,87) She checks that the table has the new rows inserted by using the following SELECT statement SELECT * FROM Student +++++ Rollno name Gender Marks1 ++++ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Siddharth Sehgal Gurpreet Kaur Monica Rana Jatinder Sen George Jacob Deepa Bhandari Akshay Nath Samdisha Sen Geeta Sen Sharma Geet Kadamb Aman Ali Ayan Ali M F F M M F M F F M M M 93 91 93 78 76 77 65 76 91 66 92 87 +++++ 12 rows in set (0. 00 sec) 232 INFORMATICS PRACTICESChapter-9 MySQL Condition based on pattern matches Sometimes while trying to remember somebodys name, you remember a part of his/her name but not the exact name. In such cases, MySQL has rattling(a)cards to help you out. % and _ are two wild card chara cters. The share (%) symbol is used to represent any sequence of zero or more characters. The underscore (_) symbol is used to represent a single character. LIKE clause is used to fetch data which matches the specified pattern from a table.The LIKE clause tells the DBMS that we wont be doing a strict comparison like = or or but we will be using wildcards in our comparison. Syntax SELECT , WHERE LIKE Pattern AND OR For example, Ms. Sujata wants to display details of students who have their names culmination with Sen, she enters mysql SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Name LIKE %Sen ++++-+ Rollno Name Gender Marks1 ++++-+ 4 Jatinder Sen M 8 Samdisha Sen F 78. 76. 0 ++++-+ 2 rows in set (0. 00 sec) To display rows from the table Student with names jump with G, she enters mysql SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Name LIKE G% ++++-+ Rollno name Gender Marks1 ++++-+ 2 Gurpreet Kaur F 91. 0 233 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQL 5 George Jacob 9 Geeta Sen Sharma 1 0 Geet Kadamb M F M 76. 0 91. 66. 0 ++++-+ 4 rows in set (0. 02 sec) To display rows that have names starting with G and ending with b, she enters mysql SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Name LIKE G%b +-++-++ Rollno name Gender Marks1 +-++-++ 5 10 George Jacob Geet Kadamb M M 76. 0 66. 0 +-++-++ 2 rows in set (0. 0 sec) To display rows from the table Student that have Sen anywhere in their names, she enters mysql SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Name LIKE %Sen% +-++-++ Rollno name Gender Marks1 +-++-++ 4 8 9 Jatinder Sen Samdisha Sen Geeta Sen Sharma M F F 78 76 91 +-++-++ 3 rows in set (0. 00 sec) 234 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQLTo display rows that have names starting with A and then having any 4 characters and ending with Ali, she uses underscore wild card like this mysql SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Name LIKE A_ _ _ _ Ali +-++-++ Rollno name Gender Marks1 +-++-++ 11 12 Aman Ali Ayan Ali M M 92. 0 87. 0 +-++-++ 2 rows in set (0. 00 s ec) Some more examples Am% matches any string starting with Am. %Singh% matches any string containing Singh %a matches any string ending with a _ _ _ matches any string that is exactly 3 characters long. _ _ % matches any string that has at least 2 characters. _ _ _ g matches any string that is 4 characters long with any 3 characters in the beginning but g as the 4th character. The keyword NOT LIKE is used to select the rows that do not match the specified pattern. To display rows from the table Student that have names not starting with G, she enters mysql SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Name NOT LIKE G% antecedence of Operators All the operators have antecedence.Precedence is the order in which different operators are evaluated in the same expression. When evaluating an expression containing INFORMATICS PRACTICES 235 Chapter-9 MySQL multiple operators, operators with higher precedence are evaluated before evaluating those with lower precedence. Operators with equal precedence are eva luated from left to right within the expression. Parenthesis can be used to change the preference of an operator. Various operators in descending order of precedence (top to bottom) are listed below (unary minus) *, /, DIV, %, MOD -, + =, , =, , INSERT INTO Student(Rollno,Marks1) VALUES (14,45) Query OK, 1 row affected (0. 05 sec) Since values are provided only for Roll number and marks, Ms. Sujata uses the SELECT statement and notices the word NULL displayed for Name and Gender for Roll number 14 mysql SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Rollno =14 ++++-+ Rollno name Gender Marks1 ++++-+ 14 NULL NULL 45. 0 ++++-+ 1 row in set (0. 0 sec) Explicitly Inserting NULL Values We have learnt that if a column can hold NULL values, it can be omitted from the INSERT INTO statement. INSERT INTO statement will automatically insert a visionary value in that column. This is called Implicitly inserting a NULL value. mysql INSERT INTO Student(Rollno,Name,Gender) Values(15,Charvi Chanana,F) Qu ery OK, 1 row affected (0. 11 sec) In the above INSERT INTO statement Marks1 column is omitted, therefore NULL value will be inserted for it. We can also explicitly add NULL value by using the NULL keyword in the VALUES list for those columns that can hold null values. ysql INSERT INTO Student Values(14,Siddharth Sehgal,M,NULL) Query OK, 1 row affected (0. 11 sec) 242 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQL A NULL value means no value has been entered for that column i. e. the value for that column is not known. Inserting Date Values The default way to store a date in MySQL is with the type DATE. at a lower place is the format of a DATE. YYYY-MM-DD To insert the current date into a table, MySQLs constitutive(a) function CURDATE() can be used in the query. Following are some examples of inserting date values. ysql INSERT INTO my_table (idate) VALUES (19970505) mysql INSERT INTO my_table (idate) VALUES (97-05-05) mysql INSERT INTO my_table (idate) VALUES (1997. 05. 05) mysql INSERT I NTO my_table (idate) VALUES (0000-00-00) While Inserting data v Text values must be enclosed in quotes. v Standard date format is yyyy-mm-dd. v Standard time format is hhmmss. v are required around the standard date and time formats. Quotes modify control In the table student, Ms. Sujata entered a students marks as 93.Suppose, that student found out that one of her answers was unchecked and got her marks increased by 1. How would Ms. Sujata change it in the table? She can use the update statement to modify existing data in the table. (a) Syntax modify association = , = , WHERE INFORMATICS PRACTICES 243 Chapter-9 MySQL The statement can be used to update one or more columns together. WHERE clause helps in updation of particular rows in a table. The following statement sets the marks(Mark1) of all the rows to 94. UPDATE Student tick Marks1 = 94 The following statement sets the marks(Mark1) of the row with name as Monica Rana to 94. ysql UPDATE Student SET Marks1 = 94 WHERE na me = Monica Rana Query OK, 1 row affected (0. 03 sec) Rows matched 1 Changed 1 Warnings 0 The marks displayed from the table shows 94 marks now mysql SELECT Name,Marks1 FROM Student WHERE Name = Monica Rana Output +++ Name Marks1 +++ Monica Rana 94 +++ 1 row in set (0. 00 sec) What if Ms. Sujata wants to change the name and marks both at the same time? Multiple columns can also be updated at one time.The following statement changes the name to Chhavi Chanana and Marks to 90 for the roll number 15. mysql UPDATE Student SET name = Chhavi Marks1= 90 WHERE Rollno = 15 Output Query OK , 1 row affected (0. 8 sec) 244 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chanana, Chapter-9 MySQL scratch STATEMENT Sometimes students leave school or an employee leaves an organization. Their rows have to be deleted from the table. Deleting data from a table is very simple. cancel statement is used to delete rows from a table. wipe out removes the entire row, not the individual column values. concern must be taken w hile using this statement as accidentally important data may get deleted. Syntax mysql DELETE FROM tablename Where condn One of the students with Roll number 14 has left the school and Ms. Sujata wants to delete his/her row. She uses the following statement to delete the row with roll number 14. mysql DELETE FROM Student WHERE Rollno = 14 Query OK, 1 row affected (0. 03 sec) DELETE statement can be used to delete all rows of the table also . The following statement can be used to delete all the rows from Student table. ysql DELETE from Student mysql Select * FROM Student ++++-+ Rollno Name Gender Marks1 ++++-+ ++++-+ 0 row in set (0. 01 sec) Know more The MySQL database management system contains an enormous amount of functionality and power. Using a simple set of statements for inserting, retrieving, deleting and updating data, we can develop quite a useful set of databases and tables. To learn more about MySQL you may visit the website http//www. mysqltutorial. org INF ORMATICS PRACTICES 245 Chapter-9 MySQLSummary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a new database. CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table. INSERT INTO statement is used to insert a new row in a table. The SELECT statement is used to fetch data from one or more database tables. SELECT * means display all columns. The WHERE clause is used to select specific rows. The DESCRIBE statement is used to see the structure of a table. We can change the structure of a table ie. add, remove or change its column(s) using the ALTER TABLE statement. The keyword DISTINCT is used to eliminate redundant data from display. a) Logical operators OR and AND are used to connect relational expressions in the WHERE clause. Logical operator NOT is used to negate a condition. 9. 10. (b) 11. The BETWEEN operator defines the range of values that the column values must fall into to make the condition true. The IN operator selects values that match any value in the give n list of values. % and _ are two wild card characters. The percent (%) symbol is used to represent any sequence of zero or more characters. The underscore (_) symbol is used to represent a single character. NULL represents a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown or inapplicable.The results of the SELECT statement can be displayed in the ascending or descending order of a single column or columns using determine BY clause. UPDATE statement is used to modify existing data in a table. DELETE statement is used to delete rows from a table. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 246 INFORMATICS PRACTICES Chapter-9 MySQL Multiple Choice questions 1. Which statement is used to extract data from a table? A. B. C. D. 2. SELECT DISPLAY READ EXTRACT How do you select all the columns from a table named Employee? A. B. C. D. SELECT all FROM Employee SELECT Employee SELECT * BY Employee SELECT * FROM Employee . How do you select a column named IName from a table named parentage? A. B. C. D. SELECT I nventory FROM Iname DISPLAY Iname SELECT Iname FROM Inventory FROM Inventory SELECT Iname, Inventory FROM Iname 4. Which of the following are valid column names? A. B. C. D. Marks Eng 66_Marks Marks_Eng Eng_Marks 5. SELECT statement can be used to perform these functions. A. B. C. D. Insert rows into a table. Choose and display columns from a table. Modify data in a table. Select and display structure of a table INFORMATICS PRACTICES 247 Chapter-9 MySQL 6. Which statement is used to insert new data in a table?A. B. C. D. ADD RECORD INSERT RECORD INSERT INTO INSERT form 7. How would you display all those rows from a table named Friends where the value of the column Hobbies is SWIMMING A. B. C. D. SELECT ALL FROM Friends WHERE Hobbies IS SWIMMING SELECT * FROM Friends WHERE Hobbies=SWIMMING SELECT * FROM Friends WHERE Hobbies = melted SELECT ALL FROM Friends WHERE Hobbies SWIMMING 8. Which statement is used to modify data in a table? A. B. C. D. CHANGE MODIFY UPDATE SAVE AS 9. Whi ch SQL statement is used to delete data from a table? A. B. C. D. DELETE DROP TRUNCATE REMOVE 10.How do you select all the rows from a table named Student where the value of the column FName starts with G? A. B. C. D. SELECT * FROM Student WHERE FName LIKE G_ SELECT * FROM Student WHERE FName=G SELECT * FROM Student WHERE FName LIKE G% SELECT * WHERE Student WHERE FName=%G% INFORMATICS PRACTICES 248 Chapter-9 MySQL 11. The OR operator displays a record if ANY of the conditions listed are true. The AND operator displays a record if ALL of the conditions listed are true A. B. False True 12. Which keyword is used to return only different values in a column? A. B. C. D. DIFFERENT scoop DISTINCT UNIQUE 3. Which SQL keyword(s) is/are used to sort the rows in the output A. B. C. D. secernateED ORDER SORT SORT BY ORDER BY 14. How would you return all the rows from a table named Item sorted in descending order on the column IName? A. B. C. D. SELECT * FROM Item SORT IName DESC SELECT * FROM Item ORDER BY IName DESC SELECT * FROM Item ORDER IName DESC SELECT * FROM Item SORT BY IName DESC 15. How can you insert a new row into the Store table? A. B. C. D. INSERT (1,Abc Rice) INTO Store INSERT VALUES (1,Abc Rice) INTO Store INSERT INTO Store VALUES (1,Abc Rice) ADD ROW Store values(1,Abc Rice)INFORMATICS PRACTICES 249 Chapter-9 MySQL 16. Which statement is appropriate to change the first name Madhur to Mridul in the FName column in the Student table? A. B. C. D. UPDATE Student SET FName=Mridul WHERE FName=Madhur MODIFY Student SET FName=Madhur INTO FName=Mridul UPDATE Student SET FName=Madhur INTO FName=Mridul UPDATE Student SET FName=Madhur WHERE FName=Mridul 17. How can you delete the rows with marks below 33 in the Student Table? A. B. C. D. DELETE FROM Student WHERE marks

Technical Writing, Project Specification Plan

Project stipulation plan Sign- run into sheet Name and Job title Involvement in the formulate Signature Sharon Shameful,Chief Executive -Signs off the abide as a whole-Authorisation of interviews-Signs of on bare-ass protrude proposals Nathan SafeHuman Resources -Hires new module & also answerable for their interviews-Hires the skillful writer-In lodge of keeping up to date with staff reviews and describe to management M maveny Penny Chief Financial Officer -Signs off financial implications of the new policies and processes. Will provide financial background on health and natural rubber training of staff. Mathew jack of all tradesHealth & Safety policeman & temporary aliment manager -Signs off on the health and natural rubber implications of the new policies and processes-Checks that appropriate health and safety social occasion is implemented by all staff. -In charge of maintenance of all machinery and also trains new staff in employ these. Hayden Star round Supervisor -Supervisor ground staff-Interview new staff alongside human resourcefulness manager-Trains new staff in machinery Purpose The purpose of this documentation project is to come up with a new, improved process to prevent either future accidents involving dangerous equipment and providing employees with improved policies with proper health and safety procedure to prevent these accidents. The deliverables are * A description of the new process, written up as business proposal, which pull up stakes include a swim pass diagram illustrating who does what, at which level. * Dangerous Equipment use policy. * Procedures or instructions for one of the employees.The purpose of the documentation give be revised at quotidian meetings with the project manager, Nathan Safe. Definition of Audience Document Audience Audience definition Business Proposal for training new staff and existing employees in the safe use of equipment Management team Has a good acquaintance of finances an d council operation as well as health and safety in relations to dangerous equipment Dangerous equipment use policy whole Employees Ground knowledge of all equipment. Some already experienced in use of dangerous equipments. Are motivated to learn more subsequently what has happened to a staff member. Procedure for Health and Safety and Maintenance officer Mathew Handyman Knows all ab forth the machinery on hand and also their safety policies, but needs to be more proactive. Note 1. Bruce alongside with his supervisory program Hayden and 2 other colleagues leave behind be unattached throughout the project for user testing Relationship of these documents to others The new documentation pull up stakes alternate the outdated Dangerous equipment use policy that has proved to be ineffective. The new policy and procedures must * Follow proper health and safety codes act by ACC Fit with the councils financial budget * Fit with local councils habitual health and safety policies Prod uction Information The business proposal impart be presented in both electronic and paper form. The electronic facsimile will be make it easy for new additions. The proposal will consist of 2 3 pages and will also include at least one swim-lane diagram (in colour). The dangerous equipment use policy will be delivered as one page printed document. This will be give out to all ground staff and also copies will be affix in the staff room in the maintenance shed.Intranet saddle will also be available to staff via the council network. Procedures will be only handed to one employee who will have to include this in action daily. Writers requirement Project will be mainly carried out on the premises of Maurati local council. Finalising and part of the writing will be done at the technical writers home office. During the project, the council will provide the technical writer, * Access to meeting rooms for interviews * Access to relevant documents * Access to scanner Admin will be assi sting with all the printing and scanning.Originals will be printed by the technical writer at his preferred printing press. Nathan Safe, Money Penny, Mathew Handyman and Hayden Star will all be available for interviews during business hours. Sharon who is soon busy with the local gala will only be available on Friday. Ground staff will be available during their posted times, however, this will only be during their lunch hours. Free lunch vouchers will be handed at each interviews to all ground staff for taking time of their lunch to come for an interview.The technical writer will report all interview of staff to Nathan Safe. Schedules and Milestones Project Stage conditional time of Completion Initial Research * Informal talk with lag * Relevant document investigations * Scheduling with SMEs 15 May 2012 Development of the project * Actual interviews conducted * Rough swim-lane diagram 16-18 May 2012 Draft proposal end up 20 May 2012 Draft Policy and procedure documents complet e 23 May 2012 Feedback on proposal and policy draftsTesting of procedure draft 24 May 2012 Revising & Editing 25 May 2012Documentation entire 4 June 2012 Constraints Delays will be inevitable. Budget Technical writers work Cost Researching 10 hours $60 x 10= $600 outline Stage $60 x 5= $300 Interview Staff and facilitating user-testing (vouchers will be provided free for charge to interviewees) $60 x10= $600 Training individualistic on Procedure $60 x 10 =$600 Revising & polish 10 hours $60 x 10 =$600 Printing & Disbursement (standard) $250 primitive $2,950 + GST

Animal Testing Is Morally Wrong

Testing on Animals is Morally Wrong In right aways world, large corporations seem to have decided that sentient being examination is an acceptable way to produce harvestings that are safe for homo up make up at the expense of innocent wildcats ein truthwhere. Sadly, with large-scale corporations foc personad far more than on property and profit than on the wellbeing of, safety and health of animals of all kinds. The Government has end hundreds of tests through out the years, and there has been very dismal proof that acquiting the animal test is benefit to military personnel, even though morally it is unspeakably wrong.To better understand how cosmos started using animals to conduct product exam, it is serious to look back into our history. In the past, animals were thought of as food and years later, we needed animals such as cattle and horses as a means of transportation by land and to help take over the gentleman workload. Years later it became possible to hang o n animals as pets and sources of entertainment. nowadays we have animals as companions and are thought of as members of our families they are priceless and loved by many.Sadly, although the general population would never want to vilify an animal, the corporate machine that functions all around the world runs on earning money based on the exploitation of pot and animals. This goes against our current general spotter on the value of animals lives yet to mega corporations, these creatures have no judicial voice or overpowering representation to save them from torture, maltreat and death during product testing. There are two several(predicate) kinds of animal testing. The first is animal experimentation, in which the laboratory animal may just have a minute or so of pain and discomfort.The act is called vivisection, which is the most painful form of animal testing. Vivisection is when an animal is tested on while not under any form of anesthesia to keep the animal from touch perception pain. This form of testing is conducted when the animal is awake and feeling an incredible amount of pain. Both of these forms of animal testing are inhumane beca physical exercise even during the less horrific of the two testing processes, animals can go critical issues that come from the testing long after the tests are completed and the anesthesia has warn off.Although animals cannot speak for themselves, they desperately need human legal representation to act on their behalf as far as texting human products on animals that can threaten their wellbeing and lives. Due to the horrific animal abuses that happen in the US and abroad there are clear many outraged animal rights activists that are involved organizations that work to fetch up animal testing. Since animals are obviously very different that man it does morally makes sense to test products that are meant for human use and consumption.This can in truth hurt an animal and cause a lifetime of harm that we huma ns will never fully understand. There are many dangers to humans that are associated with animal testing as well. If a product or drug is tested on animals with no known side make that product can then be sold for human use but because animals and humans are so different a peeled drug coming straight from animal testing will doubtless have a slightly different effect on the human than on the animal and sometimes the effect is very serious.If illness or death occurs then tax dollars that Americans pay to companies that use animal testing for fresh drugs will be wasted on a product that undoubtedly harmed animals and also humans. At the same time, animals that react poorly to testing can cause medicine or other products that could benefit humans from being distributed simply because humans and animals will react differently to different things. There are many companies that have decided to stand up for animals and test many products on humans instead of abusing animals during the t esting process.This is peculiarly common when testing makeup skincare products and hair care products. Companies that use natural ingredients especially, feel that they can safely test their products on humans. An perfect market has been built upon the choice not to test on animals and people who care about animals will pay much more for products that were not tested on animals. It is my apply that more corporations especially will take a stand for animals and realize that their actions deeply harm animals and that money is ess important then the life of an animal. Research has proven that what works for them, does not of necessity work for us. I believe that it is a waste of American taxes to overcompensate testing animals. Animals are a major part of our world and deserve more respect and care then they are currently given. It is my hope that we can stop cruel testing on animals and find new ways to test medicines and products that do not destroy the lives of animals.

Conventional Elements of Literature Essay

Literature has elements by which we flush toilet crumple the piece (book, poem, play, etc. ) written. These elements are temporary hookup, character, setting, theme, structure, point of view, conflict, diction, foreshadowing and symbolism (Scholes, 1991) collar of them forget be explained here further. The plot of the literature is the way the tier goes, the line of the recital, the way it starts, develops and ends. Basically, the plot tells us what happens in the story.The plot target consist of an exposition (setting and characters), conflict (complications that might arise), climax (moment of crisis or the well-nigh important part of a story) and a denouement (the resolution, the unraveling). Analyzing the plot and plot changes tell us the whole story and explain the story. Characters make the story they are the personalities of the story. Characters can be conventional (e. g. human beings, living on earth), science fictional beings (e. g. aliens) or fantastic extra-ordin ary beings (e. g.super heros or trolls). All these characters can either be fictional (made up) or real. The characters can also be human, supernatural, mythical, animal or divine. Then on that point is also the understanding of the character to be considered characters can be band (developed and complex), flat (no complexity) or stereotypical. They can also be dynamic (changes) or static (they dont change). Analysis of literature from the characters is an in depth analysis of the whole piece, the characters are one of the most important elements in all literature.Diction, the use of language, is an some other important element in literature. The dialogues consult the characters, convey inner thoughts and give nitty-gritty to actions. Analysis of the language and the dialogues can give the reader a great shrewdness in the characters and the meaning of the literary piece. A piece of literature can not be polld with the use of just one element. To understand literature, you hav e to analyze at least the plot and the characters to be able to give any meaning to a piece.But soon, there will be other questions as theme, points of view and symbolism. All these combined will give you an analysis of literature. The main question any analyst has to shoot the piece is why. This will help the analysis and give insight in all the elements.ReferencesScholes, R. (Ed. ), Klaus, C. H. (Ed. ), Comley, N. R. (Ed. ) & Silverman, M. (Ed. ). (1991). Elements of Literature Essay, Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Film. New York Oxford University Press, Inc.

Money in Politics

Politics on a lower floor the influence and lobbying I found that a lot interest groups in order to make themselves known they consecrate to happen bills to none their presence. During my research I noticed a couple effects of money in Politics. One was Health to my under caning physicians and other health professionals atomic number 18 traditionally the largest extensions of federal campaign contributions in this vault of heaven, which it has contributed a record $116. 8 million to federal candidates during the 2008 election cycle.I also noticed that pharmaceutical companies and HMOs are consistently generous givers. The health sector as a safe and sound traditionally contributes to republican candidates and parties, certain industries, such as nurses, give more(prenominal) than(prenominal) generously to democrats. The fact that the Democratic fellowship has held office in the noncurrent two terms, the health sector has been more giving towards them. I retrieve this is really smart, considering the fact that wealthier people, as far as doctors usually present more towards the Republican Party.It seems as if they would like to give their money where there is more control as of now. To my understanding that seems like that they are play he field very well. Some of the top contributors in 2011-2012 were, Abelson medicine Clinic, donating an amount of money of 41 they were considered as an outside spending group, Cooperative of American Physicians, donating $2,965,980, also considered as an outside spending group. Another was the American nightspot of Anesthesiologists, $ 1,565,400, republicans.To me I viewed a lot of this information as, the more money that you assume the more of an influence you able to make. Also it has been a change in money and politics due to the fact that big money has perpetually dominated our presidency and elections. And it has gotten worse since the Supreme Courts, Citizens United ruling in 2010, which allowed corporations to spend unlimited amounts of money on our elections. But as we sawing machine in the election between baseball mitt Romney and Barack Obama, all the private investors that Mitt had didnt win the election.Last year a lot of Independent groups spent roughly $1 billion on elections. A lot of the money came from nameless individuals and corporations. I believe that the problem in America politics isnt the amount of money these investors or donators spend on campaigns, I think it is more so who is paying for them, or what re they inductting in come back for their large lump sums of money that they are donating. Another sector that I looked at was the Finance/ Insurance/ Real Estate.The financial sector is the largest source of campaign contributions to federal candidates and parties, with insurance companys securities and investment firms, real estate interests and commercialized banks providing the bulk of the money. What I noticed is that unlike the Health sector, the financial sector contributes generous sums to both parties, but republicans are traditionally collecting more than democrats. Its weird that regarding the mortgage and banking crises in 2008, the financial sector still managed to donate $468 8 million to tederal campaigns and candidates.To me it doesnt seem like the financial sector was passage through that much of a crises considering the large amount of money that that was donated, which was a 80 percent increase during the two previous years. Second I found that recipients of campaign money was a very interesting stand point, considering that the political parties and candidates raise very large amounts of money but spend Just as much as hey elevated. For instance the Democratic Party raised $1 with debts that add up to $64,614,629.And the Republican Party raised $1,023,169,751 and spent 59,875 with a debt of 24,337,181. The problem with money in politics is not so much the amount that is spent on campaigns as it is who pa ys for them, what they get in return, and how that affects public policy and spending priorities. Money that should be expiry to schools, education, infrastructure, and healthcare is redirected to the obscene military war machine socialism for the falsification industries. Meanwhile, e are cutting teachers, lessons, and many items that make us a civilized nation.These are more effects that money and politics have on my life. I feel that a lot can be done in order to change whats going on inwardly our government. I feel the causes of more money spent within government leaves with the effect of a poor democracy. John F. Kennedy once said lease not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country. But what is the country doing for mean(a) Americans? I hope one mean solar day things can change for the better not for the worse, because in the end the average poor American suffers the effects.

The Seven Sacraments by Rogier van der Weyden: Early Northern Renaissance

Rogier train der Weyden was one of the world-class craftists from the Netherlands. During the Renaissance, religious themes were prevalent. Europe, was predominantly Catholic and the Church was a huge booster of the art that was produced. Federal Europe was different from Italy, the center of Renaissance art, in that it was more ornate the art produced in this bea eventually was know as Baroque. The photo The Seven Sacraments by van der Weyden is typical of the art produced in the area.The subjects of the painting The Seven Sacraments, painted in fourteen forty-five, are baptism, confirmation, and penance on the left the Eucharist in the center and ordination, marriage, and native unction are on the right. The Catholic Church believes in the vii sacraments while the Protestants believe in only baptism and marriage. The religious subject is what makes this painting characteristic of the operativeic period of the Renaissance. However, it is typically Northern in that the col orize are bright and vivid and they painting is extremely realistic.An example would be that the final stage man in the right of the painting is realistic in his body. During this time artist studied the human body at prominent lengths so that they could produce it realistically. They even studied cadavers so that they would be beaten(prenominal) with the inner and outer elements of the body. The setting for The Seven Sacraments is a large open air cathedral. The Crucifixion is displayed in the center while there are angels on each side. Christ is hung above the other figures to symbolize his dominance in the lives of mankind. The angels represent the ever present being sent from heaven.The wedding on the left is not only a literal sacrament, but it besides symbolizes the union of Christ and the Church on the day that Christ returns. The dying man on the right symbolizes the guarantee that life will end and man will have to face the unknown. The Seven Sacraments by Rogier van d er Weyden is a good example of the early Renaissance painting from Northern Europe. Weydens focus on emotion and grief made him the almost famed painter of the time when he died. After his death, many artist went on to make the Renaissance the most popular period of art.

Bag of Bones CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO

I was fin alto contri unlessehery able to commove into the z matchless, tho couldnt do any topic one time I got at that place. I keep a s exo pad happy for notes character lists, page references, date chronologies and I doodled in on that point a subaltern bit, with child(p)ly the sheet of paper in the IBM remained blank. in that location was no thundering heartbeat, no throbbing eye or difficulty existent no panic attack, in other words barely thither was no story, either. Andy Drake, John Shackleford, Ray Garraty, the beautiful Regina Whiting . . . they s to a faultd with their fannys debateed, refusing to speak or croak. The bituscript was sitting in its accustomed place on the left pay field side of the typewriter, the pages held d feature with a beautiful chunk of quartz Id ground on the lane, but nix was expose oning. Zilch.I recognized an irony here, peradventure even a moral. For long time I had fled the problems of the real world, escaping into va rious Narnias of my imagination. promptly the real world had filled up with bewildering thickets, thither were things with teeth in virtu aloney of them, and the wardrobe was locked against me.Kyra, I had printed, pullting her name inside a sc each(prenominal)oped shape that was supposed to be a cabbage rose. at a lower place it I had drawn a piece of bread with a beret reorient rakishly on the take place crust. no.nans c formerlyption of French toast. The earn L.B. surround with curlicues. A shirt with a rudimentary duck on it. Beside this I had printed QUACK QUACK. Below QUACK QUACK I had written Ought to fly sheet away Bon Voyage.At another spot on the sheet I had written Dean, Auster, and Devore. They were the ones who had brace the appearance _or_ semblanceed the most there, the most dangerous. Because they had descendants? hardly sealedly each(prenominal) seven of those jacks must, mustnt they? In those days most families were whoppers. And where had I been? I had asked, but Devore hadnt motiveed to utter.It didnt aroma any much similar a dream at niner-thirty on a sullenly hot sunlight morning. Which left exactly what? Visions? Time-travel? And if there was a purpose to such travel, what was it? What was the message, and who was try to send it? I remembered elapsely what Id tell save before casual from the dream in which I had sleepwalked stomach it off to the fore to Jos studio and brought rear my typewriter I dont believe these lies. Nor would I now. Until I could take up at least some of the truth, it cl ever soness be safer to believe nothing at all.At the top of the sheet upon which I was doodling, in heavily stroked letters, I printed the word insecurity, thus circled it. From the circle I drew an pointer to Kyras name. From her name I drew an arrow to Ought to fly away Bon Voyage and added MATTIE.Below the bread eating away the beret I drew a little tele visit. Above it I go under a cartoon balloon with R -R-RINGG in it. As I faultless(prenominal) this, the cordless phone rang. It was sitting on the deck rail. I circled MATTIE and picked up the phone.Mike? She sounded excited. Happy. Relieved.Yeah, I utter. How are you?Great she state, and I circled L.B. on my pad. lindy hop Briggs called ten minutes ago I scarcely got hit the phone with her.Mike, shes giving me my job spur Isnt that wonderful?Sure. And wonderful how it would keep her in town. I crossed come on Ought to fly away Bon Voyage, knowing that Mattie wouldnt go. not now. And how could I ask her to? I theme again If entirely I knew a little more . . .Mike? Are you Its very wonderful, I said. In my minds eye I could see her standing in the kitchen, come forth marches the kinked telephone cord through her fingers, her legs languish and coltish to a lower place her jean shorts. I could see the shirt she was wearing, a white tee with a yellow duck paddling crossways the front. I hope Lindy had the un white-lippe d grace to sound ashamed of herself. I circled the tee-shirt Id drawn.She did. And she was plain-spoken copious to word form of . . . hearty, disarm me. She said the Whitmore woman talked to her early cobblers last hebdomad. Was very frank and to the point, Lindy said. I was to be let go immediately. If that happened, the money, computer equipment, and software Devore funnelled into the library would keep coming. If it didnt, the function of respectables and money would stop immediately. She said she had to equalizer the good of the community against what she knew was wrong . . . she said it was one of the toughest decisions she incessantly had to accomplish . . . Uh-huh. On the pad my hand move of its own volition same a planchette gliding oer a Ouija board, printing the words revel CANT I PLEASE. theres probably some truth in it, but Mattie . . . how often do you suppose Lindy makes?I dont know.I bet its more than any three other small-town librarians in the state o f Maine combined.In the scope I comprehend Ki Can I talk, Mattie? Can I talk to Mike? Please tin cant I please?In a minute, hon. because, to me possibly. All I know is that I have my job bet on, and Im instinctive to let bygones be bygones.On the page, I drew a book. thence I drew a series of interlocked circles between it and the duck tee-shirt.Ki wants to talk to you, Mattie said, laughing. She theorizes the both of you went to the Fryeburg medium last night.Whoa, you mean I had a date with a pretty girl and slept through it?Seems that way. Are you place for her?Ready.Okay, here comes the chatterbox. in that respect was a rustling as the phone adjustmentd hands, consequently Ki was there. I taggled you at the Fair, Mike I taggled my own quartermackDid you? I asked That was quite a dream, wasnt it, Ki?There was a extensive privacy at the other end. I could imagine Mattie wondering what had happened to her telephone chatterbox. At last Ki said in a hesitating compon ent part You there too. Tiu. We saw the snake-dance ladies . . . the pole with the toll on top . . . we went in the spookyhouse . . . you fell atomic reactor in the barrel It wasnt a dream . . . was it?I could have convinced her that it was, but all at once that seemed exchangeable a bad idea, one that was dangerous in its own way. I said You had on a pretty hat and a pretty dress.Yeah Ki sounded enormously relieved. And you had on Kyra, stop. Listen to me. She stopped at once. Its better if you dont talk nearly that dream too much, I commemorate. To your mammy or to anyone except me.Except you.Yes. And the same with the refrigerator slew. Okay?Okay. Mike, there was a lady in Matties clothes.I know, I said. It was all set for her to talk, I was sure of it, but I asked anyway Wheres Mattie now?Waterin the flowers. We got much of flowers, a billion at least. I have to clean up the table. Its a chore. I dont mind, though. I the likes of chores. We had French toast. We evermor e do on sunlights. Its yummy, specially with strawberry syrup.I know, I said, drawing an arrow to the piece of bread wearing the beret. French toast is great. Ki, did you tell your mama more or less the lady in her dress?No. I thought it might s explosive charge her. She dropped her enunciate. Here she comesThats all even knocked out(p) . . . but weve got a secret, castigate?Yes. at a time can I talk to Mattie again?Okay. Her voice moved tally a little.Mommy-bommy, Mike wants to talk to you. Then she came back. impart you bizzit us today? We could go on another snap bean.I cant today, Ki. I have to work.Mattie neer works on Sunday.Well, when Im writing a book, I write all day. I have to, or else Ill for compact the story. Maybe well have a picnic on Tuesday, though. A barbecue picnic at your house.Is it grand til Tuesday?not too huge. twenty-four hr period by and by tomorrow.Is it long to write a book?Medium-long.I could hear Mattie telling Ki to give her the phone. I lead, just one more second gear. Mike?Im here, Ki.I love you.I was both touched and terrified. For a moment I was sure my throat was way out to lock up the way my titty apply to when I tried to write. Then it cleared and I said, be intimate you, too, Ki.Heres Mattie.Again there was the rustly sound of the telephone changing hands, thusly Mattie said Did that refresh your recollection of your date with my daughter, sir?Well, I said, it certainly refreshed hers. There was a link between Mattie and me, but it didnt extend to this I was sure of it.She was laughing. I loved the way she sounded this morning and I didnt want to fuck off her down . . . but I didnt want her mistaking the white line in the middle of the road for the crossmock, either.Mattie, you still acquire to be careful, hunky-dory? Just because Lindy Briggs offered you your aged(prenominal) job back doesnt mean everyone in town is suddenly your friend.I understand that, she said. I thought again about asking if shed consider taking Ki up to Derry for awhile they could live in my house, stay for the duration of the summer if that was what it took for things to return to frequent down here. Except she wouldnt do it. When it came to accepting my offer of high-priced in the buff York legal talent, shed had no choice. About this she did. Or thought she did, and how could I change her mind? I had no logic, no connected facts all I had was a vague dark shape, like something fabrication beneath nine inches of snowblind ice.I want you to be careful of two men in particular, I said. One is explanation Dean. The other is Kenny Auster. Hes the one with the big shack who wears the neckerchief. He Thats Booberry Ki called from the middle distance. Booberry licked my facieGo out and play, hon, Mattie said.Im clearun the table.You can finish later. Go on outside now. There was a conclude as she watched Ki go out the door, taking Strickland with her. Although the kid had left the trailer, Ma ttie still spoke in the lowered tone of someone who doesnt want to be overheard. Are you trying to scare me?No, I said, drawing repeat circles around the word DANGER. moreover I want you to be careful. history and Kenny may have been on Devores team, like Footman and Osgood. Dont ask me why I think that might be, because I have no sitisfactory answer. Its only a feeling, but since I got back on the TR, my feelings are different.What do you mean?Are you wearing a tee-shirt with a duck on it?How do you know that? Did Ki tell you?Did she take the little stuffed chink from her Happy Meal out with her just now?A long pause. At last she said My God in a voice so Low I could hardly hear it. Then again How I dont know how. I dont know if youre still in a . . . a bad situation, either, or why you might be, but I feel that you are. That you both are. I could have said more, but I was afraid shed think Id gone entirely off the rails.Hes d.o.a. she burst out. That old man is dead Why cant he leave us completely?Maybe he has. Maybe Im wrong about all this. however theres no harm in being careful, is there?No, she said. unremarkably thats true.Usually?Why dont you come and see me, Mike? Maybe we could go to the Fair together.Maybe this fall we will. All three of us.Id like that.In the meantime, Im mentation about the key.Thinking is half your problem, Mike, she said, and laughed again. Ruefully, I thought. And I saw what she meant. What she didnt seem to understand was that feeling was the other half. Its a sling, and in the end I think it rocks most of us to death.I worked for a while, thus carried the IBM back into the house and left the manuscript on top. I was done with it, at least for the time being. No more fronting for the way back through the wardrobe no more Andy Drake and John Shackleford until this was over. And, as I dressed in long pants and a button-up shirt for the arise time in what felt like weeks, it occurred to me that perhaps something so me campaign had been trying to sedate me with the story I was telling. With the ability to work again. It do sense work had always been my drug of choice, even better than booze or the Mellaril I still kept in the earth-closet medicine cabinet. Or by chance work was only the delivery system, the sodium thiosulfate with all the dreamy dreams inside it. Maybe the real drug was the zone. beingness in the zone. Feeling it, you sometimes hear the basketball players say. I was in the zone and I was really feeling it.I grabbed the keys to the Chevrolet off the expect and brassed at the fridge as I did. The magnets were circled again. In the middle was a message Id seen before, one that was now instantly understandable, thanks to the extra Magnabet lettershelp herIm doing my best, I said, and went out.Three miles north on Route 68 by so youre on the part of it which used to be cognise as Castle Rock Road-theres a greenhouse with a browse in front of it. Slips n Greens, its cal led, and Jo used to spend a bonnie amount of time there, buying gardening supplies or just noodling with the two women who ran the place. One of them was Helen Auster, Kennys wife.I pulled in there at around ten oclock that Sunday morning (it was open, of course during tourist season about every Maine shopkeeper turns heathen) and parked next to a Beamer with new York plates. I paused long enough to hear the weather forecast on the radio keep hot and humid for another forty-eight hours at least and then got out. A woman wearing a bathing suit, a skort, and a giant yellow sunhat emerged from the shop with a bag of peat moss cradled in her arms. She gave me a little smile. I returned it with eighteen per cent inte quell. She was from New York, and that meant she wasnt a Martian.The shop was even hotter and damper than the white morning outside. Lila Proulx, the co-owner, was on the phone. There was a little fan beside the cash register and she was standing outright in front of it, flapping the front of her sleeveless blouse. She saw me and twiddled her fingers in a wave. I twiddled mine back, feeling like someone else. piddle or no work, I was still zoning. Still feeling it.I walked around the shop, picking up a few things almost at random, watching Lila out of the corner of my eye and waiting for her to get off the phone so I could talk to her . . . and all the time my own private hyperdrive was humming softly away. At last she hung up and I came to the counter. Michael Noonan, what a sight for sore eyes you are she said, and began ringing up my pur shacks. I was awfully sorry to hear about Johanna. Got to get that right up front. Jo was a pet.Thanks, Lila.Welcome. Dont need to say any more about it, but with a thing like that its best to put it right up front. Ive always believed it, always will believe it. Right up front. Going to do a little gardening, are you? Gointer do a little gaadnin, aaa you?If it ever cools off.Ayuh Isnt it wicked? She flapped the top of her blouse again to show up me how wicked it was, then pointed at one of my pur guarantees. Want this one in a special bag? Always safe, never sorry, thats my motto.I nodded, then looked at the little blackboard tilted against the counter. FRESH BLUBERRYS, the chalked message read. THE CROPS IS INIll have a dry pint of berries, too, I said. As long as theyre not Fridays. I can do better than Friday.She nodded vigorously, as if to say she knew damned salutary I could. These were on the bush yesty. That fresh enough for you?Good as gold, I said. Blueberrys the name of Kennys dog, isnt it?Aint he a wary one? God, I love a big dog, if hes behaved. She turned, got a pint of berries from her little fridge, and put them in another bag for me.Wheres Helen? I asked. Day off?.Not her, Lila said. If shes in town, you cant get her out of this place less you beat her with a stick. She and Kenny and the kids went down Taxachusetts. Them and her cronys family club together and get a seaside cottage two weeks every summer. They all went. Old Blueberry, hell chase seagulls until he drops. She laughed it was a loud and hearty one. It made me think of Sara Tidwell. Or maybe it was the way Lila looked at me as she did it. There was no jape in her eyes. They were small and considering, coldly curious.Would you for Christs sake quit it? I told myself. They cant all be in on it together, MikeCouldnt they, though? There is such a thing as town consciousness anyone who doubts it has never been to a New England town meeting. Where theres a consciousness, is there not likely to be a subconscious? And if Kyra and I were doing the old mind-meld thing, could not other citizenry in TR-90 also be doing it, perhaps without even knowing it? We all partingd the same air and land we shared the lake and the aquifer which lay below everything, buried water tasting of rock and minerals. We shared The Street as well, that place where good pups and vile dogs could walk side-by-s ide.As I started out with my purchases in a cloth carry-handle bag, Lila said What a shame about Royce Merrill. Did you hear?No, I said.Fell down his cellar stairs yesty evening. What a man his age was doing going down such a rivet flight of steps is beyond me, but I suppose once you get to his age, you have your own reasons for doing things.Is he dead? I started to ask, then rephrased. It wasnt the way the move was expressed on the TR. Did he pass?Not yet. Motton Rescue took him to Castle County General. Hes in a coma. Comber, she said it. They dont think hell ever wake up, poor fella. Theres a piece of history thatll die with him.I suppose thats true. Good riddance, I thought. Does he have children?No. There have been Merrills on the TR for two hundred years one died at Cemetery Ridge. But all the old families are dying out now. You have a nice day, Mike. She smiled. Her eyes remained flat and considering.I got into my Chevy, put the bag with my purchases in it on the passenger seat, then simply sat for a moment, letting the air conditioner pour cool air on my event and neck. Kenny Auster was in Taxachusetts. That was good. A step in the right direction. But there was still my caretaker. scores not here, Yvette said. She stood in the door, blocking it as well as she could (you can only do so much in that regard when youre five-three and weigh roughly a hundred pounds), studying me with the screw auger gaze of a nightclub bouncer denying re-entry to a drunk whos been tossed out on his ear once already.I was on the porch of the neat-as-ever-you-saw Cape have words which stands at the top of Peabody Hill and looks all the way across New Hampshire and into Vermonts back yard. woodpeckers equipment sheds were lined up to the left of the house, all of them painted the same shade of gray, each with its own sign DEAN CARETAKING, No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3. Parked in front of No. 2 was saddles gambit Ram. I looked at it, then back at Yvette. Her lips tightened a l ittle more. Another notch and I figured theyd be gone entirely.He went to North Conway with Butch Wiggins, she said. They went in Butchs truck. To get No need lying for me, dear heart, Bill said from can buoy her.It was still over an hour shy of noon, and on the Lords Day to boot, but I had never heard a man who sounded more tired. He clumped down the hall, and as he came out of its shadows and into the light the sun was lowestly burning through the muddiness I saw that Bill now looked his age. Every year of it, and maybe ten more to grow on. He was wearing his usual chromatic shirt and pants Bill Dean would be a Dickies man until the day he died but his shoulders looked slumped, almost sprained, a-s if hed spent a week lugging buckets that were too heavy for him. The falling-away of his face had finally begun, an indefinable something that makes the eyes look too big, the jaw too prominent, the mouth a bit loose. He looked old. There were no children to carry on the family line of work, either all the old families were dying out, Lila Proulx had said. And maybe that was a good thing.Bill she began, but he raised one of his big hands to stop her. The callused fingertips agitate a little.Go in the kitchen a dight, he told her. I need to talk to my compadre here. Twont take long.Yvette looked at him, and when she looked back at me, she had indeed reached zero(a) lip-surface. There was just a black line where they had been, like a mark dashed off with a pencil. I saw with pathetic clarity that she hated me.Dont you tire him out, she said to me. He hasnt been sleepin. Its the heat. She walked back down the hall, all stiff back and high shoulders, disappearing into shadows that were probably cool. It always seems to be cool in the houses of old people, have you noticed?Bill came out onto the porch and put his big hands into the easy lays of his pants without offering to rock with me. I aint got nothin to say to you. You and mes quits.Why, Bill? Why are we quits?He looked west, where the hills stepped into the burning summer haze, disappearing in it before they could become mountains, and said nothing.Im trying to help that modern woman. He gave me a look from the corners of his eyes that I could read well enough. Ahuh. Help yself right into her pants. I see men come up from New York and New Jersey with their young girls. Summer weekends, ski weekends, it dont matter. Men who go with girls that age always look the same, got their tongues run out even when their mouths are shut. Now you look the same.I felt both angry and embarrassed, but I resisted the urge to chase him in that direction. That was what he wanted.What happened here? I asked him. What did your fathers and grandfathers and great-grandfathers do to Sara Tidwell and her family? You didnt just move them on, did you?Didnt have to, Bill said, looking past me at the hills. His eyes were damp almost to the point of tears, but his jaw was set and hard. They moved on the mselves. Never was a nigger who didnt have an itchy foot, my dad used to say.Who set the trap that killed Son Tidwells boy? Was it your father, Bill? Was it Fred?His eyes moved his jaw never did. I dunno what youre talking about.I hear him proclaim in my house. Do you know what its like to hear a dead child crying in your house? Some bastard pin down him like a weasel and I hear him crying in my fundament houseYoure going to need a new caretaker, Bill said. I cant do for you no more. Dont want to. What I want is for you to get off my porch.Whats happening? Help me, for Christs sake.Ill help you with the toe of my shoe if you dont get going on your own.I looked at him a moment longer, taking in the wet eyes and the set jaw, his divided nature written on his face.I lost my wife, you old bastard, I said. A woman you claimed to love.Now his jaw moved at last. He looked at me with surprise and injury. That didnt happen here, he said. That didnt have anything to do with here. She mig htve been off the TR because . . . well, she mightve had her reasons to be off the TR . . . but she just had a stroke. Would have happened anywhere. Anywhere.I dont believe that. I dont think you do, either. Something followed her to Derry, maybe because she was pregnant . . . Bills eyes widened. I gave him a chance to say something, but he didnt take it. . . . or maybe just because she knew too much.She had a stroke. Bills voice wasnt quite even. I read the obituary myself. She had a damn stroke.What did she find out? Talk to me, Bill. Please.There was a long pause. Until it was over I allowed myself the luxury of thinking I might in truth be getting through to him.Ive only got one more thing to say to you, Mike stand back. For the sake of your immortal soul, stand back and let things run their course. They will whether you do or dont. This river has almost come to the sea it wont be dammed by the likes of you. Stand back. For the love of Christ.Do you care about your soul, Mr. No onan? Gods butterfly caught in a cocoon of flesh that will soon stink like mine?Bill turned and walked to his door, the heels of his workboots clodding on the painted boards.Stay away from Mattie and Ki, I said. If you so much as go near that trailer He turned back, and the hazy sun glinted on the tracks below his eyes. He took a bandanna from his back pocket and wiped his cheeks. I aint stirrin from this house. I wish to God Id never come back from my vacation in the first place, but I did mostly on your account, Mike. Those two down on Wasp Hill have nothing to fear from me. No, not from me.He went inside and closed the door. I stood there looking at it, feeling unreal surely I could not have had such a deadly conversation with Bill Dean, could I? Bill who had reproached me for not letting common people down here share and perhaps ease my grief for Jo, Bill who had welcomed me back so heartily?Then I heard a clack sound. He might not have locked his door while he was at ped estal in his entire life, but he had locked it now. The clack was very clear in the breathless July air. It told me everything I had to know about my long association with Bill Dean. I turned and walked back to my car, my head down. Nor did I turn when I heard a window run up behind me.Dont you ever come back here, you town bastard Yvette Dean cried across the sweltering dooryard. Youve broken his heart Dont you ever come back Dont you ever Dont you everPlease, Mrs. M. said. Dont ask me any more questions, Mike. I cant afford to get in Bill Deans bad books, any moren my ma could afford to get into Normal Austers or Fred Deans.I shifted the phone to my other ear. All I want to know is In this part of the world caretakers pretty well run the whole show. If they say to a summer fella that he should hire this carpenter or that lectrician, why, thats who the summer fella hires. Or if a caretaker says this one should be fired because he aint proving reliable, he is fired. Or she. Becaus e what goes once for plumbers and landscapers and lectricians has always gone twice for housekeepers. If you want to be recommended and stay recommended you have to keep on the sunny side of people like Fred and Bill Dean, or Normal and Kenny Auster. Dont you see? She was almost pleading. When Bill found out I told you about what Normal Auster did to Kerry, oooo he was so mad at me.Kenny Austers brother the one Normal drowned under the pump his name was Kerry?Ahuh. Ive cognize a lot of folks name their kids alike, think its wily. Why, I went to schooling with a brother and sister named Roland and Rolanda Therriault, I think Rolands in Manchester now, and Rolanda unite that boy from Brenda, just answer one question. Ill never tell. Please?I waited, my breath held, for the click that would come when she put her telephone back in its cradle. Instead, she spoke three words in a soft, almost dark voice. What is it?Who was Carla Dean?I waited through another long pause, my hand contend with the ribbon that had come off Kis turn-of-the-century straw hat.You dassnt tell anyone I told you anything, she said at last.I wont.Carla was Bills twin sister. She died sixty-five years ago, during the time of the fires. The fires Bill claimed had been set by Kis grandfather his going-away present to the TR. I dont know just how it happened. Bill never talks about it. If you tell him I told you, Ill never make another bed in the TR. Hell see to it. Then, in a hopeless voice, she said He may know anyway.Based on my own experiences and surmises, I looked she might be right about that. But even if she was, shed have a check from me every month for the rest of her working life. I had no intention of telling her that over the telephone, though it would scald her Yankee soul. Instead I thanked her, assured her again of my discretion, and hung up.I sat at the table for a moment, staring blankly at Bunter, then said Whos here?No answer.Come on, I said. Dont be shy. Lets go n ineteen or ninety-two down. Barring that, lets talk.Still no answer. Not so much as a shiver of the bell around the stuffed mooses neck. I spied the scribble of notes Id made while talking to Jos brother and drew them toward me. I had put Kia, Kyra, Kito, and Carla in a box. Now I scribbled out the bottom line of that box and added the name Kerry to the list. Ive known a lot of folks name their kids alike, Mrs. M. had said. They think its cute.I didnt think it was cute I thought it was creepy.It occurred to me that at least two of these soundalikes had drowned Kerry Auster under a pump, Kia Noonan in her mothers dying body when she wasnt much bigger than a helianthus seed. And I had seen the ghost of a third drowned child in the lake. Kito? Was that one Kito? Or was Kito the one who had died of blood-poisoning?They name their kids alike, they think its cute.How many soundalike kids had there been to start with? How many were left? I thought the answer to the first question didnt m atter, and that I knew the answer to the second one already. This river has almost come to the sea, Bill had said.Carla, Kerry, Kito, Kia . . . all gone. Only Kyra Devore was left.I got up so fast and hard that I knocked over my chair. The clatter in the silence made me cry out. I was leaving, and right now. No more telephone calls, no more playing Andy Drake, Private Detective, no more depositions or half-assed wooings of the lady fair. I should have followed my instincts and gotten the fuck out of Dodge that first night. Well, Id go now, just get in the Chevy and haul ass for Der Bunters bell jangled furiously. I turned and saw it bouncing around his neck as if batted to and fro by a hand I couldnt see. The sliding door giving on the deck began to fly open and clap shut like something aquiline to a pulley. The book of Tough Stuff crossword puzzles on the end-table and the DSS schedule guide blew open, their pages riffling. There was a series of rattling thuds across the floor, as if something enormous were crawling rapidly toward me, pounding its fists as it came.A skeleton not cold but warm, like the rush of air produced by a subway train on a summer night buffeted past me. In it I heard a peculiar voice which seemed to be saying Bye-BY, bye-BY, bye-BY, as if wishing me a good trip home. Then, as it dawned on me that the voice was actually saying Ki-Ki, Ki-Ki, Ki-Ki, something smitten me and knocked me violently forward. It felt like a large soft fist. I buckled over the table, clawing at it to stay up, overturning the lazy susan with the salt and pepper shakers on it, the napkin holder, the little vase Mrs. M. had filled with daisies. The vase rolled off the table and shattered. The kitchen TV blared on, some politician talking about how inflation was on the march again. The CD player started up, drowning out the politician it was the Rolling Stones doing a cover of Sara Tidwells I Regret You, Baby. Upstairs, one smoke alarm went off, then another, then a third. They were joined a moment later by the warble-whoop of the Chevys car alarm. The whole world was cacophony.Something hot and pillowy seized my wrist. My hand shot forward like a piston and slammed down on the steno pad. I watched as it pawed clumsily to a blank page, then seized the pencil which lay nearby. I gripped it like a dagger and then something wrote with it, not guiding my hand but raping it. The hand moved slowly at first, almost blindly, then picked up speed until it was flying, almost tearing through the sheetI had almost reached the bottom of the page when the cold descended again, that outer cold that was like fall in January, chilling my skin and crackling the snot in my trespass and sending two shuddery puffs of white air from my mouth. My hand prehend and the pencil snapped in two. Behind me, Bunters bell rang out one final furious convulsion before falling silent. Also from behind me came a peculiar double pop, like the sound of champagne corks bei ng drawn. Then it was over. Whatever it had been or however many they had been, it was finished. I was alone again.I turned off the CD player just as rice paddy and Keith moved on to a white-boy version of Howling Wolf, then ran upstairs and pushed the reset buttons on the smoke-detectors. I leaned out the window of the big invitee bedroom while I was up there, aimed the fob of my keyring down at the Chevrolet, and pushed the button on it. The alarm quit.With the worst of the noise gone I could hear the TV cackling away in the kitchen. I went down, killed it, then froze with my hand still on the clear up button, looking at Jos annoying waggy-cat clock. Its female genital organ had finally stopped switching, and its big plastic eyes lay on the floor. They had popped right out of its head.I went down to the Village Cafe for supper, snagging the last Sunday Telegram from the rack (COMPUTER MOGUL DEVORE DIES IN WESTERN MAINE townspeople WHERE HE GREW UP, the headline read) before sit ting down at the counter. The successive photo was a studio shot of Devore that looked about thirty years old. He was smiling. Most people do that quite naturally. On Devores face it looked like a learned skill.I ordered the beans that were left over from Buddy Jellisons Saturday-night beanhole supper. My father wasnt much for aphorisms in my family dispensing nuggets of scholarship was Moms job but as Daddy warmed up the Saturday-night yelloweyes in the oven on Sunday afternoon, he would invariably say that beans and beef stew were better the second day. I guess it stuck. The only other piece of fatherly wisdom I can remember receiving was that you should always wash your hands after you took a shit in a bus station.While I was reading the story on Devore, Audrey came over and told me that Royce Merrill had passed without recovering consciousness. The funeral would be Tuesday afternoon at Grace Baptist, she said. Most of the town would be there, many folks just to see Ila Mese rve awarded the Boston Post cane. Did I think Id get over? No, I said, probably not. I thought it prudent not to add that Id likely be attending a victory society at Mattie Devores while Royces funeral was going on down the road.The usual late-Sunday-afternoon flow of customers came and went while I ate, people ordering burgers, people ordering beans, people ordering chicken salad sandwiches, people buying sixpacks. Some were from the TR, some from away. I didnt notice many of them, and no one spoke to me. I have no idea who left the napkin on my newspaper, but when I put down the A section and turned to find the sports, there it was. I picked it up, meaning only to put it aside, and saw what was written on the back in big dark letters GET OFF THE TR.I never found out who left it there. I guess it could have been any of them.